Laboratory Report

Predictions

Materials and Methods

Explain why HCO₃^– levels can be calculated from pH and pCO₂ levels.
In this experiment, HCO₃^– concentrations are calculated using pH and pCO₂ concentrations. Refer to the following chemical reaction to describe how changes in CO₂ and H⁺ concentrations affect HCO₃^– concentration.
CO₂ + H₂O ⇌ H₂CO₃ ⇌ H⁺ + HCO₃^–

Results

Acid-Base Imbalance Signs and Compensation
	Normal	Value	Status	Value	Status	Value	Status	Value	Status
	Normal	Patient 1		Patient 2		Patient 3		Patient 4
Respiratory Rate	12—18		Select:		Select:		Select:		Select:
pH	7.35—7.45		Select:		Select:		Select:		Select:
pCO₂ Concentration	35—45		Select		Select		Select		Select
HCO₃^– Concentration	22—26		Select		Select		Select		Select
Acid-Base Disorder		Select		Select		Select		Select
Compensation		Select		Select		Select		Select

The normal range respiratory rate is 12 — 18 breaths/min). For each patient, type in their respiratory rate and indicate if it is lower, within, or higher than the normal range.
1. Patient with respiratory acidosis
2. Patient with respiratory alkalosis
3. Patient with metabolic acidosis
4. Patient with metabolic alkalosis
The normal range for blood pH is 7.35 — 7.45 . For each patient, type in their blood pH and indicate if it is lower, within, or higher than the normal range.
1. Patient with respiratory acidosis
2. Patient with respiratory alkalosis
3. Patient with metabolic acidosis
4. Patient with metabolic alkalosis
The normal range for blood pCO₂ is 35 — 45 mmHg. For each patient, type in their blood pCO₂ levels and indicate if it is lower, within, or higher than the normal range.
1. Patient with respiratory acidosis
2. Patient with respiratory alkalosis
3. Patient with metabolic acidosis
4. Patient with metabolic alkalosis
The normal range for blood HCO₃^– is 22 — 26 mEq/L . For each patient, type in their blood HCO₃^– and indicate if it is lower, within, or higher than the normal range.
1. Patient with respiratory acidosis
2. Patient with respiratory alkalosis
3. Patient with metabolic acidosis
4. Patient with metabolic alkalosis

Discussion

Is compensation occurring in the patient with respiratory acidosis? State which system (respiratory or renal) is involved in compensation and what compound is being removed or added to achieve compensation. Describe how this substance is being removed or added and how removing or adding this compound returns pH toward normal.
Is compensation occurring in the patient with respiratory alkalosis? State which system (respiratory or renal) is involved in compensation and what compound is being removed or added to achieve compensation. Describe how this substance is being removed or added and how removing or adding this compound returns pH toward normal.
Is compensation occurring in the patient with metabolic acidosis? State which system (respiratory or renal) is involved in compensation and what compound is being removed or added to achieve compensation. Describe how this substance is being removed or added and how removing or adding this compound returns pH toward normal.
Is compensation occurring in the patient with metabolic alkalosis? State which system (respiratory or renal) is involved in compensation and what compound is being removed or added to achieve compensation. Describe how this substance is being removed or added and how removing or adding this compound returns pH toward normal.
Restate your predictions that were correct and give the data from your experiment that supports them. Restate your predictions that were not correct and correct them, giving the data from your experiment that supports the corrections.

Application

Patients with COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) may develop respiratory acidosis. Explain how COPD causes respiratory acidosis and why breathing rate is elevated in COPD patients with respiratory acidosis.
You can only hold your breath for a limited period of time before you involuntarily begin breathing again. Describe feedback mechanisms that result in involuntary breathing.
Anxiety can cause hyperventilation. Explain how anxiety can cause hyperventilation and how hyperventilation causes respiratory alkalosis.
Patients with uncontrolled diabetes can develop metabolic acidosis. Explain how uncontrolled diabetes causes metabolic acidosis.

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